English Literature

Monday, May 25, 2015

The Age of Romanticism: Read more and gain More


The Age of  Romanticism
Romanticism was an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850. It was partly a reaction to the Industrial Revolution, the aristocratic social and political norms of the age of Enlightenment, and the scientific rationalization of nature. It was embodied most strongly in visual arts, music and literature but had a major impact n historiography, education and the natural science. It had a significant and complex effect on politics and while for much of the Romantic period it was associated with liberalism and radicalism, its long-terms effect on the growth of nationalism was perhaps more significant. The movement emphasized intense emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic experience. Romanticism revived medievalism and elements of art and narrative perceived to be authentically medieval in an attempt to escape population growth, urban sprawl and industrialism.
Although the movement was rooted in the German Strum and Drank movement which preferred intuition and emotion to the rationalism of the Enlightenment, the events and ideologies of the French Revolution were also proximate factors. Romanticism assigned a high value to the achievement of “heroic” individualists and artists. In the second half of the 19th century, realism was offered as a polar opposite to romanticism. The decline of Romanism during this time was associated with multiple processes, including social and political changes and the spread of nationalism.
Romanticism is a movement in Art and literature in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in revolt against the Neoclassicism on the previous centuries. The German poet Friedrich Schlegel, who is given credit for first using the term romantic to describe literature, defined it as “Literature depleting emotion, and freedom are the focus points of romanticism. Any list of particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism includes subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism, spontaneity, freedom form rules, solitary life rather than life in society, the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason and devotion to beauty, love of ad worship of nature, and fascination with the past, especially the myth’s and mysticism of the middle age.
The word Romanticism has a complex and interesting history, the period we are considering begins in the latter half of the reign of George III and ends with the accession of Victoria in 1837. When on a foggy morning in November, 1783. King George entered the house of Lords and in a trembling voice recognized the independence of the United States of America, he unconsciously proclaimed the triumph of that free government by free mes which had been the ideal of English literature for more than a thousand years, though it was not till 1832 when the reform bill became the law of the land. That England herself learned the lesson taught her by America, and became the democracy of which her writers had always dreamed.
The American School A.O Lovejoy once observed that the word  “Romantic” has come to mean so many things that, by itself. it means nothing at all....... The variety of its actual and possible meanings and connotations reflects the complexity and multiplicity of European Romanticism.
The Emergency of Romanticism and the Theme of Nature: Romanticism is a complex artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe and gained strength during the Industrial Revolution. It was partly a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature and was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music and literature. Romanticism is a neo-classicism and in England it lasted from 1789 to 1832. Historians often see the rise of Romanticism connected with the Industrial Revolution or with the American war of Independence and the French Revolution.
The term “Industrial Revolution’ was firs popularized by Arnold Toynbee to describe England’s Economic development from 1760 to 1840, but it is not possible to fix this period of time exactly. The term generally means the development of improved spinning and weaving machineries, James Walt’s steam engine, the railway locomotive and the factory system. But there was a long series of fundamental technological, economics, social and cultural changes which taken together.  Constitute the Industrial Revolution. It must be seen more as a process than as a period of time (not revolution but evolution).
The Industrial Revolution brought two kinds of changes, technological and socio-economic cultural changes. The technological changes included the use of new raw materials, new energy sources coal. The steam engine, electricity, petroleum and internal combustions engine the invention of new machines (spinning jenny, power ) new organization of work (factory system), important developments in transportation and communication (steam locomotive, steamship, automobile, airplane, telegraph, radio). “These technological changes made resources and mass production of manufactured goods.”
The non-industrial changed included agricultural improvements, economics changes (wider distribution of wealth), political changes (new political innovations corresponding to the needs of an industrialized society), sweeping social changed (growth of cities, development of working class movements, the emergency of new patterns of authority, cultural transformations of brood range. The worker acquired new skills his relationship to his work changed. He became a machine operator, subject to factory discipline. Finally these were a psychological changer: means ability to use resources and master nature was heightened.
French Revolution means the movement in France, between 1787 and 1799. Which reached its first climax in 1789? The events in France gave new hope to other revolutionaries in Europe. English political Philosophers were deeply influence by the French Revolution. William Wordsworth first viewed the revolution with sympathy too. But later under Robespierre and his reign of terror he was more and more disgusted with it and its violent excesses. Here, we can say that the ideologies and events of the French Revolution laid the background form which Romanticism emerged. The conifers of the Industrial Revolution also had their influence on Romanticism which was in part and escape from modern realities: indeed in the second half of the nineteenth century. “Realism” was offered as a polarized opposite to Romanticism.
Romanticism elevated the achievement of what it perceived as misunderstood heroic individuals and artists that altered society. It also legitimized the individual imagination as a critical authority which permitted freedom from classical nations of form in art. There was a strong recourse to historical and natural inevitability in the representation of its ideas.
William words worth (1770-1850) are probably the most famous of the Romantic poets and may be the best. He was born in the lake district of United Kingdom, in what was then Cumberland his love of the wild. Mountainous English lakes never life a major influence on all he wrote. Perhaps above all word worth is associated in the popular mind with his vision of nature. His poetry may contain a few surprises for the student who comes to him armed only with a general awareness of what his work is meant to contain Lyrical Ballads is a major work, containing ‘ Tintern Abbey’ one of words worth’s most famous poem. Other poems are ‘Michael’ (1800). Sonnet Composed upon Westminster Bridge; The solitary Reaper and The Daffodils (1807). The Prelude, a long autobiographical poem not published until after his death, is generally regarded as words worth master piece.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) was one of the ore remarkable personalities of a remarkable movement. He had one of the most brilliant minds of his age, and one which delved into all areas of human learning and experience. He was arguably, among the most outstanding literary critics that England had produced.
“The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” was Coleridge’s major contribution to Lyrical ballads and is justifiably one of the most famous poems in the English Language.
Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822) was the son of a Sussex aristocrat. He was sent down from the University of Oxford for publishing a pamphlet advocating atheism. Shelly was drawn to the continent and particularly the Mediterranean and whilisht in Europe he became friendly with both Byron and Keats. out of all the Romantic poets Shelly has perhaps received the most interest form modern criticism. Its first major poem was queen Mob (1813). Shelley was a revolutionary. He was obsessed by the manner in which society, institutions and conventional morality destroyed and corrupted mankind. Prometheus unbound (1820) is generally regarded long poem. Shelley’s most successful long poem. Shelley’s most famous poems are his short lyrics, most notably ‘A donais (1821), ‘Epiprychidion’ (1821). One of his fullest statement on love, ‘Ode to the West Wind, and to  Skylark; all written in 1820. ‘ Ozy mandias’ is also well worth reading. His a Defense of poetry’ was written in 1821. But not published until after his death. Lord Byron (1788-1824) has arguably received rather less critical attention in recent years than some of the other poets covered here. He was the son of a wild and lawless family. He inherited his title unexpectedly, and was launched to instant public fame by the publication of ‘Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage (1812). a partly auto biographical long poem based on his European travels, ‘The vision of Judgment’ (1822), and ‘Don Juan’. Which began finished. ‘Don Juan’ is generally regarded as his greatest work.
Jane Austen 1775-1817) is an anti- romantic novelist in the romantic age. She is called so because of her stern attitude against youthful passion. Life gives little opportunity for the biographer, unless, perchance, he has something of her own power to show the beauty and charm of commonplace things. Very few English writers even had so narrow a field of work as Jane Austen.  The most widely read of her novels is ‘Pride and Prejudice but three others sense and sensibility, Emma and Mansfield park, have slowly won their way to the front rank of fiction.
The romantic movements generally seen as starting around 1770. It affected all the arts and culture in general. But was essentially a reaction against the eighteenth century and the Age of Reason. Romantic writers frequently alternate between peaks of ecstasy and depths of intense depression. Romanticism and Romantic poetry a reaction against industrialization, creeping across Europe in the eighteenth century and threatening every aspect of society and the way people lived. There is a link between the industrial revolution and Romanticism, but it cannot be taken too far without detailed historical knowledge. The Romantic Movement predated industriasation in many instances and reached its peak when for the majority of people industrialsiation was a local phenomenon. The trigger for some of word worth’s firest work was the French revolution, and to the Romantic authors themselver this revolution had more impact than the Industrial Revolution.
Romanticism has proved very fertile ground for modern critical theory. The period between 1790 and 1830 saw great Britain acquire an empire as well as an industrial base, and as a result postcolonial and maries criticism can give valuable and sometimes surprising insight into the work of the major romantic poets. New political and social structures have also been seen as determining factors in Romantic poetry. Challenging new views of gender and ambivalent attitudes towards femininity have concerned a number of authors. The romantic period saw thought that have come either to dominate or exert a great influence on modern thought. In politics this was also the period of Thomas Paine’s seminal Right of Man. Far from being poet locked in to their own vision of solitary nature, modern criticism has shown the Romantic poets to be at the heart of the development of the Romantic age, developments which can be seen as marketing the start of the modern world. If Romanticism has not been reinvented by modern criticism it has been subject to searching new scrutiny in almost every one of its aspects.
The romantic period was tumultuous and largely influenced by the French Revolution in 1789. England joined the alliance against France in 1793. The British slave trade was outlawed in 1807. And the king George III was declared incurably insane in 1811. George, Prince of Wales, acted as regent until 1820. Which saw his accession as George IV? Though feminism attained a great voice in Mary Wellstone craft with A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, the cause of women’s rights did not gain effectual support until the later Victorian era. Women were seen as inferior to men in all aspects except domestic talents. The Romantic period was of course not just politics; It had a character as well. It was largely a reaction to the eighteenth century. Romantics tended to place high importance on the self and introspection; they marched to their own beat. This was a charge from the emphasis on the collective from the eighteenth century.
The Victorian Era in turn was a reaction to the Romantic period. The Victorians had a sense of social responsibility which set them apart from the Romantics. Landow gives the following example:
“Tennyson might go to Spain to help the insurgents as Byron had gone to Greece and words worth’s to France: but Tennyson also urged the necessity of educating the poor man before making him our master.”
The values of the Romantic period are evident not only in each of these individuals and the place itself, but also in the relationship between the individuals.

Tuesday, May 5, 2015

Digital Bangladesh



Introduction: “Digital Bangladesh” means digitalizing Bangladesh by ensuring an ICT based society where information will be available online and where all the possible tasks of government and other no-government or semi government will be performed using digital technology. “Digital Bangladesh” also indicates to such a Bangladesh where all the activities of agriculture, education, commerce, medical, communication etc will be powered by computer and internet. The concept of “Digital Bangladesh” was an election manifesto 2008). On the eve of the 9th National parliamentary election, one of the major political parties, Bangladesh Awai league has declared to develop Bangladesh into a digital country by the next decade. As a result making a digital Bangladesh by 2021 has become one of the commitments of the present government. For implementing this dream of Digital Bangladesh, government has to take certain initiative. 

Necessity of Digital Bangladesh: The benefits of digital Bangladesh are many. If Bangladesh can be established a digital, Corruption will be drastically reduced. Besides, it will save people’s time and money and will make people more enterprising and thus will reduce unemployment problem. It will connect people with the whole word economically, politically, socially, academically and even culturally. It will open doors for the people to improve their conditions. It will also improve banking and financial activities. Money transfer and transaction of business could be made within seconds by clicking the mouse of a computer. People could be reached from one district to another district within a single moment. Agriculture, health, education commerce, information and communication, residence, entertainment all these sectors will be highly benefited by making “Digital Bangladesh”.

Wednesday, March 25, 2015

Mass Conversation: It is function

The term 'mass' indicates 'large number of people'. Whenever conversation happens
amongst big group after that it may be referred to as bulk conversation.
Usually, through 'communication', all of us imply 'two method conversation, exactly where you will find just one sender and something recipient. However in the event of bulk conversation the amount of recipient is actually several. Therefore it may be mentioned which, bulk conversation is actually which kind of conversation exactly where info could be used in a sizable group within the
exact same period via any kind of press.
Within the phrases associated with G. Molo, "Mass conversation is actually this type of procedure by which anyone, companies or even business as well as federal government from the condition convey using the individuals. 
McFarland stated, "Mass conversation may be the procedure for making emotions on the specific issue one of the common individuals as well as sending suggestions from the sender.  The idea of bulk conversation could be portrayed through the subsequent diagram:
Paper. Sound press Tele press a
             Mass Conversation
      or    even Individuals

Lastly it may be mentioned which, bulk conversation may be the -way associated with conversation by which information could be knowledgeable to some big target audience by utilizing media.
Functions:
Options that come with bulk conversation tend to be the following;
1. A lot more than 2 events: In the event of bulk conversation you will find a lot more than arties involved within the conversation procedure. 
2.  Particular goal: There has to be particular objective(utes) from the bulk conversation.
3. Press: Such as additional type of conversation media additionally make use of various medias
with regard to sending communications. Generally bulk medias are utilized with regard to bulk conversation;
4.  Obstacles: In the event of bulk conversation there's also various kinds of obstacles.
5. Absolutely no instant suggestions: In contrast to additional type of conversation there isn't anyinstant suggestions in the event of bulk conversation.
6. Curiosity from the recipient: Within bulk conversation Curiosity from the recipient regarded as very carefully.

Goal from the Mass conversation
The Goals associated with Mass conversation tend to be the following:
1 To produce attention: Bulk conversation can be used to produce attention amongst
the actual bulk individuals concerning wellness, sterilization yet others issues associated with open public pursuits.
2. Supply info The federal government or even interpersonal business make use of bulk
conversation to supply helpful info in order to big group within the exact same product
3 With regard to range training: Bulk conversation could be successfully employed for range training.
4. In order to uplift well-being of individuals: Throughout ton, starvation or even any kind of kinds of natures disasters bulk conversation can be used in order to uplift the actual well-being from the individuals
5 To improve government's income: To improve the actual income from the federal government bulk conversation may perform essential part through uplifting individuals to spend taxes over time.
6. In order to encourage individuals: Mass conversation is definitely an essential device through which individuals
could be inspired for any specific objective.
7. Growth associated with company: Company businesses may also make use of bulk conversation in order to increase the amount from the company.
8. Politics marketing campaign: Bulk conversation is actually popular through the politics events with regard to advertising the actual popularity from the celebration one of the bulk individuals.

Need for Mass Conversation:
Within the interpersonal as well as financial actions bulk conversation is recognized as since the main way of conversation.
(The) Financial Actions: Bulk conversation offers enormous significance in the event of subsequent financial as well as company actions:
(1) Presenting Services: In order to expose brand new item on the market, potential customers have to be knowledgeable. Media is essential to see big number of clients within the same time frame.
2.  Marketplace Study: With regard to prosperous advertising companies have to know the actual sights associated with customers. Via questionnaires released 'in media required suggestions could be from customers.
(3) In order to Fight Rivals: To acquire special benefit within the rivals
companies make use of various kinds of bulk conversation. Bulk conversation is recognized as because an essential technique to fight rivals.
4)  Improve Marketplace Reveal: Various types of bulk conversation will also be utilized to improve the marketplace reveal.
(5) Effective Utilization of Nationwide Assets: Federal government of the nation may attract
the overall individuals with regard to effective as well as correct utilization of organic assets via bulk conversation.

Thursday, March 12, 2015

Downward Communication : Objectives of Downward Communication


As soon as facts streams on the superiors towards subordinates subsequently the item is referred to as downward verbal exchanges. As soon as 'the administrator on the gross sales team provide an obtain or maybe way towards admin administrator on the similar team, subsequently this can be a event connected with downward verbal exchanges.

Prof, R. Pal & Korlahalli said, "downward verbal exchanges streams at a superior to some sort of subordinate. inch

From the text connected with Prof K. Davis & J. W. Newstrom , "downward verbal exchanges within the group would be the move connected with facts by better to levels of guru. inch

Prof. S. P Robbins Claimed, "communication of which streams collected from one of higher level of a gaggle or maybe group into a cheaper levels is usually a downward verbal exchanges. inch

'Downward Verbal exchanges is usually depicted as follows:
http://businesscommunicationbd.blogspot.com/
 
Simply speaking details in which runs to be able to downhill coming from upwards may be known as down hill connection.

Purposes/objectives regarding downhill connection:

In different firm a lot of the managerial marketing and sales communications are usually accomplished by means of downhill connection. It really is fundamentally useful for offering guidelines or advise concerns concerning the particular jobs with the staff. Key functions may be explained inside the pursuing way:

1. Offer guidelines: Downhill connection typically useful for offering course about the success with the career.

2. a couple of. Reason regarding procedures: Procedures have decided from the leading supervision yet applied from the reduced stage staff. Hence regarding far better setup, procedures must be discussed by means of downhill connection.

3. Mention issues: If any issue will be determined from the leading supervision next they should advise the particular staff about the difficulty simply by downhill connection.
4. Some. Project regarding targets: Goals or perhaps targets with the diverse divisions furthermore educated for the staff regarding individual divisions by means of downhill connection.

5. Offer you comments: To gauge the grade of the work, management will need steady comments. Simply by downhill connection management can provide comments for the staff.

6. To be able to motivate: For your pleasure with the aim staff must be motivated from the management. Utilizing the downhill programs management provides ideas for the staff for your success with the organizational targets.

Wednesday, March 11, 2015

Horizontal Communication : It's Merits and Demerits


When employees of same level communicates each other than it can be labeled as
horizontal communication. It helps employees to perform the task efficiently.
In the words of R. Pal and Korlahalli, "Communication between department or
people on the same level in the managerial hierarchy of an organization may be, termed as
horizontal or lateral communication."
Thus it can be stated that exchange of information between same level employees of
different departments is horizontal communication.
Horizontal communication can be shown by the following configuration :
http://businesscommunicationbd.blogspot.com/
Merits/Importance/Advantages of horizontal communication :
Advantages of horizontal communication are as follows:
1. Better understanding : Horizontal communication ensures better understanding, accordingly employees of different division able to perform their job more efficiently.
2. Coordination : Direct communication by breaking the vertical Carmel strengthen the bondage between employees of different departments which helps to boost up co- ordination.
3. Increase productivity : Horizontal communication minimizes the problems of understanding among various departments as a result, productivity increased.
4. Better implementation of decision : Decisions are made by top management but they are executed by the lower level employees. When lower level employees allowed to communicate each other through horizontal communication, it helps to realize the policy and ensures better implementation' of decision.
5. Motivation : Horizontal communication not only increases the level of coordination but also facilitates the task of motivation.
6. Cordiality : Due to the free flow of information Cordiality among the employees increases considerably.
7. Employee morale : Better understanding and cordial environment also boost-up the morale of the employees.
8. Teamwork : In any organization for some specific purposes teamwork is essential. Horizontal. communication is a prerequisite' for successful teamwork..
9. Job Satisfaction : Another major advantage of horizontal communication is, increases job satisfaction of the employees. By ensuring cordial atmosphere and lifting the morale of employees horizontal communication plays a vital role in increasing the job satisfaction.